Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Essay Mahayana Buddhism is considered to be a emanation or illusion of the highest power which is referred to as Buddha. They also believe that there has been many Buddhas on earth and in the whole universe. There are 3 bodies (forms) of Buddha: 1, Body of essence. The indescribable, impersonal absolute reality, or ultimate truth that is nirvana (infinite bliss). 2, Body of bliss or enjoyment, Buddha as divine, deity, formless, celestial spirit with saving power of grace, omnipotence. 3, body of transformation or emanation. An illusion or emanation in human form provided by the divine Buddha to guide humans to enlightenment. Anyone can achieve Buddha hood and those who choose this path to help others to become liberated are worshipped as gods or saints to some. Mahayana Buddhists believe that when you die, one becomes selflessness resulting in ultimate bliss known as the deathless state and doesnt believe in literal rebirth. They extinguish themselves from all worldly cravings, desires and attachments, through loving- kindness, compassion, charity, moral conduct, wisdom and meditation. Mahayana Buddhism deferrers from many religions. Christianity being one. Christians believe that there is only one god (not several) and there is life after death in heaven where all is good. Jesus is Gods son who was sent to earth by god to become human and live amongst us which was in human form. Hinduism is a dominate religion of the Indian subcontinent. When I think of Buddhism I think a foreign religion from another country but there in America and many other countries. As a matter of fact, Buddhism is one of the largest religions in the United States following Christianity, Judaism and nonreligious and close to being equal with Islam and Hinduism. Most Buddhism are Asian Americans. Its estimated there are around 1.2 million and 40% of them live is Southern California. The Mahayana Buddhist are not supposed to discriminate and usually they hold true to that if they are a TRUE Buddhist. Thats not to say that Americans dont discriminate against them. In February 2011 the Lao-Buddhist Association attempted to open a temple in Olathe Kansas but was denied. Residents said that the location was zoned for residential only. Christian churches are located in residential neighborhoods all over the country so Buddhists are saying its discrimination against their religion. Another instant of discrimination on them took place in Southern California. Buddhist wanted to put in a worship center but the government rejected it and said there isnt enough room but later built a mall there. The Buddhist people sued them saying it was discrimination on their religion. In America we have the right to express our religion but the government and prejudice people are making that amendment more and more difficult for some religions. Before I researched this religion, I knew nothing about it or the people. I know have a much better understanding what they believe in and how they live. They are a very peaceful and caring religion and people should be educated about them before they judge them. Part 2 Racial/ethnic groups: I chose Hispanic and Latino descend. Hispanics differ from white people in many different ways. Their way of life, language, and all around culture. They seem to get singled out by many races due to the overwhelming illegal entry into the states. It doesnt seem to matter it they are here illegally or not, they are all looked at the same by certain people. They are stereo typed all the time for stealing jobs and collecting welfare not to mention healthcare. A lot of them are working in the states under the table and sending the majority of their money earned back to their families in Mexico. The money made is not spent here to help benefit our economy. Hispanics are discriminated against often. I think Americans feel like they are paying a lot in taxes to help them financially when they should focus the help on legal Americans that actually pay their taxes. Employment is another reason behind the discrimination. In the landscape, nursery and construction trade, they seem to be taking over a lot of these positions because its cheaper labor but it still takes work away from legal Americans. After researching this topic I have learned that Hispanics have too many sources that are offered to them when legal Americans could use it more since we spend our money here in taxes. Comparing my racial and religious groups I can see how they are somewhat similar. Both struggle to find a place where they can be accepted. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Buddhism/Galleries/What-Do-Mahayana-Buddhists-Believe.aspx?b=1p=10 http://prezi.com/onqasvrjg9ey/discrimination-against-buddhism/

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System Literature review 2.1 RFID The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a technology for automated  identification. Exploration of RFID technology dates back to 1948 when Harry Stockman published his  research titled Communication by means of the reflected power. Unfortunately technologies such as  integrated circuits, transistors and microprocessors were not yet available and RFID had to wait another  20 years for its first commercial application (Landt 2005). Between 1970 and 1980 several research  laboratories and academic institutions carried out work on RFID implementations for animal tracking,  theft prevention, item labelling and access control systems (Want 2006). Regardless of these  applications, RFID systems remained obscure for many years. The first significant change to this  occurred in the early nineties when companies across the world began to use RFID tags on a large scale  due advancements in their energy efficiency and size reductions (Landt 2005).   Todays systems are usually composed of either passive or active RFID tags and RFID readers.  Active tags contain their own power source and thereby can transmit stronger signals and can be  accessed from further distances. Most commonly they operate on the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band  and can achieve up to 100 metres range depending on the surrounding environment (Weinstein 2005).  There are currently two types of active tags. Transponders, also called semi-active tags, and Beacons.  Transponders stay in standby mode until receiving signal from the reader and then transmit a signal  back. Beacons emit signals and advertise their presence at pre-set intervals. Because of their on board  power source, active tags are expensive, priced from $20 to $70 and vary in size from 2 centimetres  upwards (Williams et al. 2014). Passive tags do not incorporate a power supply and are powered by the  electromagnetic signal received from the reader through the tags antenna. The y operate on low, high  and ultra-high frequency with signals ranging up to 10 metres depending on the tags backscatter power  (Weinstein 2005). The smallest passive tags can be size of a grain of rice and cost 1/10 of the price of  the active tag (Williams et al. 2014).   Silva, Filipe and Pereira (2008) proposes a RFID based student attendance recording system  that comprises of RFID readers operating at the 125 Kilohertz (KHz) frequency with an effective read  range up to 10 15 centimetres and passive RFID tags embedded into plastic cards. The tags store a  binary identifier which is unique to each student. Readers are connected to the local network with RJ45  connector through which they transfer scanned tag id to the server using the Transmission Control  Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). At least one reader is mounted in each of the classrooms and  students need to take their card out and place it near the reader in order to register their attendance.   Nainan, Parekh and Shah (2013) claimed that a similar RFID attendance registration system setup  decreased the time needed to record a students attendance by 98% compared to the manual entry  method. Collected data shows that the RFID system was able to record the attendance of 5 students per  second, however considering the short effective read range we have to conclude that multiple readers  were used during that experiment to achieve such result. Despite advances over the paper based  registers, efficiency of attendance systems based on passive RFID tags is limited by the number of  readers located in the classroom. Analogous systems based on the active RFID technology could  increase ids collection efficiency by scanning multiple tags simultaneously from a further distance  (Yoon, Chung and Less 2008), however such systems would introduce a number of additional  technological and social issues. Bandwidth limitations coerce RFID tags to share a common broadcast  frequency and as a consequence multiple tags responding concurrently to the same reader can cause  packet collisions. Therefore to solve these issues, advanced anti-collision algorithms and methods must  be employed during development process (Bin, Kobayashi and Shimizu 2005). Increased reading range  additionally raises serious privacy concerns as the users location could be tracked without their own  consent (Ferguson, Thornley and Gibb, 2014). 2.2 Biometrics Numerous properties must be satisfied to categorise the biological measurement of a human  physiological or behavioural characteristic as biometrics. The characteristics should be unique, every  person should have it and it needs to be accessible so it can be measured. There are a number of different  studies exploring biometric authentication for attendance registration systems. 2.2.1 Voice recognition Recent experiments by Dey et al. (2014) explore the capabilities of an attendance registration  system based on voice recognition. The main core of the system is a Linux OS server integrated with a  computer telephony interface (CTI) card and pre-installed with interactive voice response (IVR)  software. The server is accessible only from the previously pre-defined phones which are installed in  the classrooms. Using installed phones users have to record a reference voice sample to enrol into the  system. During enrolment users are provided with a unique four digit speaker identification then they  are asked to read for 3 minutes text of their own choice. Enrolled users can register their attendance by  entering the previously received speaker identification number and then answering some simple random  questions generated by the system. The system logs user attendance if the recorded speech matches the  stored reference sample. Initial system evaluation performed o n the group of 120 students indicated  very low efficiency. In order to achieve 94.2% recognition rate, each user needs to produce at least a 50  seconds sample. Authentication time is additionally extended by an average 26 seconds computational  time needed to analyse provided speech sample. Additional limitations come with the maximum number  of 32 concurrent calls that each server can handle. In essence, a long compulsory enrolment process,  the unnecessary burden of remembering a personal speaker identification number and the poor  registration efficiency time make the system a poor candidate for large group registers.   2.2.2 Fingerprints According to Akinduyite et al. (2013) fingerprint attendance management systems can be more  reliable and efficient than the voice based equivalent. They have achieved 97.4% recognition accuracy  with an average registration time of 4.29 seconds per student. The system implements fingerprint  scanners connected to a centralised server through the existing Wi-Fi infrastructure. As with the voice  recognition system, an administrator has to capture reference fingerprint data from every user before  the system can be used. Collected fingerprint templates are stored on the server in a Microsoft SQL  Server database and later used to match scanned samples. Almost identical recognition rate of 98.57%  was achieved by Talaviya, Ramteke and Shete (2013) in the similar fingerprint system setup. Analogous  to the RFID based systems, the efficiency is closely related to the total number of the available scanners.   2.2.3 Automated Face recognition All of the prior systems require users to provide a biometric sample manually by using one of  the available scanners located in the environment. Kawaguchi et al. (2005) proposed a considerably  different solution which automates sample collection. They introduced a face recognition method based  on continuous observation. The system requires two cameras streaming live data to the centralized unit  with preinstalled face detection and recognition software. The first camera, called the sensing camera  is installed on the ceiling and points towards the rooms sitting area. The second camera, called the  capturing camera is located in front of the seats to capture students faces. The sensing camera scans  over the room in order to detect seats occupied by the students. Received image data is analysed using  the Active Student Detecting (ASD) method developed by Nishiguchi et al. (2003). Once a student is  detected, the system directs the capturing camera to the found lo cation. The face image collected from  the capturing camera is then processed by the system and the students attendance is recorded if a  matching template is found. Experiments in which the described system was evaluated on a group of  12 students revealed 80% accuracy in engaged seats detection and the same level during face detection.  The whole experiment took 79 minutes in which 8 scanning cycles were performed, resulting in 70%  total accuracy for the attendance registering. Despite advances in automated biometric samples  collection, the described system seems to be inefficient, especially if we consider time required to  collect and analyse samples on such small group of students. Additional issues may arise if there are  any obstructions in the room which can restrict the cameras view or if a low ceiling prevents sensing  camera from covering the entire seating area. 2.2.4 Summary The biometric systems have many advantages over the other authentication technologies. The  biometric characteristics are tightly linked to the owner and can prevent identity theft, are difficult to  duplicate and are very convenient as they are always available. Despite all these advances, all the  biometric systems share serious ethical, social and security implications. It was evidenced by many  researchers that there is a fear of biometric technologies on the whole. The individuals and potential  system users are concerned about privacy, autonomy, bodily integrity, dignity, equity and personal  liberty (Mordini and Tzovaras 2012; Kumar and Zhang 2010). The system administrators have  additional overhead with the security of the collected biometric data. The individual biometric  characteristic cannot be replaced if they get stolen, therefore the legal responsibilities whilst storing this  kind of data are colossal. 2.3 Wi-Fi An interesting and novel attendance registration method was proposed by Choi, Park and Yi  (2015). The authors created a system which incorporates Wi-Fi technology built into smartphone  devices. They had developed two versions of a smartphone application, one for the lecturers and one  for the students. When a class session starts the lecturer has to create a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) using  his version of the application. The students attend the lecture and scan for the available Wi-Fi Access  Points and if the lecturers AP is discovered and students device stays in its range for specified amount  of time then attendance registration process is triggered. To overcome limitations with the maximum  number of concurrent connections that single AP can handle, the created students version scans only  for the nearby networks but never connects to the found APs. Attendance is registered by submitting a  Message Digests 5 (MD5) hash token that combines a Service Set Identif ier (SSID) of the found AP  and students smartphone Media Access Control (MAC) address. The hash token is uploaded to the  server which verifies submitted data and registers the students attendance in the local store. The system  architecture requires collection of the reference MAC address of all the students for the purpose of the  later validation. The study does not describe what smartphone models were used throughout the  experiment, but it seems that they did not consider privacy features on iOS devices. According to Apple  (2013), since the release of iOS 7.0, the MAC identifier is no longer accessible through third party  applications, moreover after iOS 8.0 release, real device MAC address is hidden from the access points  and swapped with a randomly generated one (Apple 2015 A). Taking into account that over 98% of  iOS devices run on iOS 7.0 and above (Apple 2015 B), only confirms that the proposed system design  should be reviewed again. 2.4 Other 2.4.1 QR Code with face recognition Fadi and Nael (2014) combined biometrics with Quick Response Codes (QR). The proposed  methodology requires lecturers to generate a unique QR code and display it in the class. In order to  register their attendance, students need to download a mobile application, install it on their smartphones  and use it to scan the presented QR code. The scanned code is then submitted to the server via the  existing University Wi-Fi infrastructure. Furthermore the application performs an identity check by  scanning the students facial image which is later used to create matching score by analysing a reference  image stored on the servers. Lecturer can manually validate submitted images to confirm a students  identity if a low matching score raises any concerns. The QR code image could be effortlessly forwarded  to other students outside the classroom, therefore the system also collects a location stamp on the code  submission. The apparent vulnerability of the system lies in the number of technologies that it depends  on. Authors assumed that every student will have a smartphone device with front and back facing  cameras for the facial images and the QR scans and also a Global Positioning System (GPS) module  which will be accessible during the registration stage. Each classroom has to be also equipped with a  large screen to present codes to the students and this may not always be available.  

Informatics In Public Health Information Technology Essay

Informatics In Public Health Information Technology Essay Yasnoff et al(2000)stated that effective public health requires timely, accurate, and informative information from a wide variety of sources. Not surprisingly, public health professionals have been among the earliest users of computers , other information technologies from which numerous and useful computerized information and surveillance systems have been developed(Yasnoff et al, 2000).A more systematic and informed approach to the application of information science and technology needs to be utilized in order to take full advantage of its potential to enhance and facilitate public health activities(Yasnoff et al, 2000). However, OCarroll et al(2002)defined public health informatics as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. Public health informatics is primarily an engineering discipline and a practical activity ungirded by science and oriented to the accomplishment of specific tasks(OCarroll et al, 2002). How informatics impact or improve public health? The scope of public health informatics includes the conceptualization, design, development, deployment, refinement maintenance, and evaluation of communication, surveillance, information, and learning systems relevant to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002). Using strategies and standards, practitioners employ public health informatics tools and training to maximize health impacts at local, state, and national levels(CDC, 2006).They develop and deploy information technology solutions that provide accurate, timely, and secure information to guide public health action(CDC, 2006). Public health informatics involves the application of knowledge and practice from numerous disciplines that contribute to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002).Advances in public health informatics resulted in public health innovations and added value to interventions by providing the capability for more timely detection of health problems and more complete and efficient health communications (CDC, 2006). Surveillance is an aspect of public health that can be dramatically transformed by the application of information technology(Yasnoff et al, 2000). How public health informatics is different from medical informatics? The primary focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that promote the health of populations while the primary focus of medical informatics is on the health of specific individuals who presents with a specific disease or condition requiring diagnosis and treatment(OCarroll et al, 2002). A primary focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that prevent disease and injury by altering the conditions that put populations of individuals at risk while whereas medical informatics is on the application of information science and technology for the treatment of individuals who already have a disease or high risk conditions(OCarroll et al, 2002). Prevention approach in public health informatics is not predetermined by professional discipline, but rather by effectiveness, expediency, cost, and social acceptability of intervening at various potentially vulnerable points in a causal chain whereas medical informatics preventive interventions is within the context of each professional discipline with focus on one or a few points in the causal chain(OCarroll et al, 2002). Public health informatics is not restricted to particular social, behavioral, or environmental contexts whereas medical informatics is restricted to clinical and surgical encounters(OCarroll et al, 2002). Public health informatics involves operation within a governmental context requiring responsiveness to legislative, regulatory, and policy directives whereas medical informatics involves operation through private practices, clinics, hospitals, with governmental direction primarily in terms of quality assurance (OCarroll et al, 2002). References. OCarroll, P,W; Yasnoff, W, A; Ward, M,E; Ripp, L,H; Martin,E;L.(2002).Public health informatics and information systems. Springer. Yasnoff, W, A; OCarroll, P,W; Koo, D; Linkins, R, W; Kilbourne,E;M.(2000).Public health informatics: Improving and transforming public health in the information age. Journal of Public Health Management Practice Vol 6(6); p67-75. CDC(2006).Informatics and public health at CDC. MMWR Vol 55(SUP02); 25-28. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su5502a10.htm Top of Form Week 1: Introduction to Informatics in Public Health Discussion It was not until 1988 that efforts by the Institute of Medicine described public health with a working definition that outlined its mission, components, and core functions, as a result, the focus began to shift from medicine and treatment of disease to public health and its goals of prevention and health promotion (Schneider 2006). As noted by OCarroll (2003), with public health reform, an increase in managed care and the revolution of new technology, public health professionals increased the need of public health informatics forcing the transition of traditional methods of information storage to the development of technological software. Prior to the emergence of public health as a discipline, medical informatics was employed in various healthcare institutions. Hasman and Haux (1996) described medical informatics as discipline that intersects information science, computer science, and health care to address the storage, retrieval, and use biomedical information for problem solving and decision making. To keep abreast of an ever changing technological society, public health informatics emerged. OCarroll, 2003 noted that public health informatics is defined as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research and learning (p5). According to OCarroll (2003), it is different from medical informatics because it focuses on populations, disease prevention, preventative interventions, and governmental operations. Informatics is now a discipline that is increasing being integrated into the field of public health. The National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI), for example, is one of the national centers of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Started in 2005, the NCPHI in composed of five divisions and seeks to use information technology to aid in surveillance, outbreak response, and laboratory reporting and other aspects of public health. The goals of the center is to enhance monitoring and research and increase real time access to health information. The National Centers for Public Health Informatics although a fairly new have several tools in place to maximize access to health information (CDC 2009). The use of informatics of found throughout the field of public health. With the development of new technology, public health informatics seeks to further incorporate new software to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the collection, analysis, and reporting of public health information. To fully embrace the impact informatics can have on public health OCarroll (2003) claimed that education and training is imperative to decrease the sense of inadequacy among public health professionals and promote the widespread implementation of public health informatics as a discipline.

If You Want to View Paradise :: Personal Narrative Cane Fields Papers

If You Want to View Paradise When the sugar cane burned a thick pillar of black smoke twisted and grew up from the fields. The beanstalk of cloud was seen from anywhere on the island and for an afternoon everyone stopped their chores, their cars, their machines to exhale at the desecrating monster. The fire lifted soil, plant debris, worker's gloves and t-shirts forgotten in the fields, insects and rats, children forgotten in the fields, all charred to ash, into the air, stirred it up and threw it back to earth to be interpreted by a more creative voodoo. Cane ash cycloned up in the pillar and blew onto nearby communities with the tradewinds. Curled black ash rained down on my brother and me playing basketball in the driveway. The ash, light, tossed in the wind, collected curled in corners like loose pubic hair. The farmers burned the cane purposefully. They followed the flame, directing it to burn row after row. Late into the night they followed the fire in a semi-circle on the upwind side wearing Hula Bowl t-shirts around their faces like bandits to filter the smoke. Train robbers trying to control the steam locomotive with shovels. Trains have a tendency to run away. The fire husked the cane for them and though it burned a portion of the precious sugar it also burned the glass hairs along the stalk that itched skin and throats for days. The cane fields spread in rows like radio waves echoing out from the base of the Waianai mountain range. On these mountains, closer the peaks at the topmost corner, was a preserve, a deathbed for the last pristine area on the island. Here the rarities mingled in an elite cocktail party for the terminally ill. The Ohia Lehua rooted shallow on the cliffsides, its wood trunk dry like beach wood and its blossoms a blood red exploding out like firecrackers from light green dime shaped leaves. Ala ala wai nui crawled out of holes in boulders. It is called a succulent, its leaves absorb water and are thick and peach fuzzed for it. It is strong enough to break rocks but can not conquer a field of pili grass. The Manono's leaves come out two at a time, opposite each other on the same node. They look like cho cho lips, fat lips, puckering up. They are not plants that grow together supporting and encouraging one another to grow.

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society :: History Marx Communism Essays

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society Introduction: Though the Industrial Revolution changed the course of modern history, the consequences that accompanied it divided society. The radical change in the division of class and labor within society because of industrialization disgusted many who witnessed it, including Karl Marx. Their contempt for the new composition of class and labor led to intellectuals proposing improvements and reversing changes, through their writings to the masses, introduced by the Industrial Revolution. The Communist Manifesto and writings by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels are specific in their views on the class and labor structure in Europe and abroad. Class Structure Marx saw three classes emerge from Capitalist industrial society: labor power, ones who possessed the means of production, and those who owned the land. Their incomes consisting of wages, profit from industry, and rent collected from their land. Industry created by the Bourgeois revitalized society into two separate classes, the bourgeois and the proletariat. Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole. There is an exchange of equal values. Each person receives equal share in the possessions of the whole for equal work. The bourgeois dissolves as personal profit is eliminated. Thus, granting rule over society to the proletariat. Class disappears because everyone is the sam e. Everyone is a worker. Free economic markets separates the means of production and the labor force. The result is the formation of an economically ruling class. The ruling class finds that labor equals only the means of production. Thus, the bourgeois pays the workers only the amount needed to sustain life. The proletariat is reduced to a life whose sole purpose is to find work. They only find work if their labor increases capital. Communism's Answer to Class Structure Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole.

Reconstructing My Father Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myse

Reconstructing My Father Most of the memories I have of my father are bad. He was a withdrawn binge alcoholic, sometimes given to violent episodes in which he physically assaulted my mother. He never took us anywhere, and he rarely spoke to us, although sometimes, late at night, he would play cards with me or we would watch an old movie together. He loved Barbara Stanwyck. When I was a small child, Eddie (his actual name, though his relatives called him "Lec") did help me with my school projects. A knowledgeable outdoorsman, he taught me the names of all of the trees, took me fishing in a boat he built himself, and showed me how to till the worm bed in the back yard. But as I grew older, my needs changed. If my car broke down, I needed a ride. If there was a special trip or project at school, I needed money. He not only refused to help me with these things, but he refused belligerently, which led to more fights with my mother. My father's past was somewhat of a mystery. I knew he'd grown up in northwest Louisiana, that he had a brother who had died and two sisters, and that he had served in the Army during World War II. His father died before I was old enough to meet him, possibly before I was born, and his mother, who lived with us for a brief period, was a bloodless, stone-faced woman who was frightening in her lack of warmth. I saw one of my aunts only once or twice, and the other one was so grim that I preferred to avoid her. When I was twenty-four, an aneurysm burst in Eddie's brain; he was in a coma for three days, and then he died. He was sixty-two, and at the time of his death, had more physical strength than some men half his age. I have often wanted to fill in ... ...ngineers to have the railroad leading from St. Lo into Le Mans and Laval, ready to receive ammunition trains -- on August 15. The men had to rebuild seven railway bridges, repair and lay new main lines in three marshalling yards, lay miles of track, and provide service and water facilities along the lines. They did it. "The engineers can go under, over or through anything, or get it out of the way," the pamphlet states. That is a phrase that certainly suits my father, a tough, stubborn man who could build and who could destroy. I wish he were alive because there are a lot of things I would like to tell him, and even more that I would like to ask him. But at least now I have a better idea not only of who he was, but who he might have been. The Eddie who has emerged since my mother's death four years ago is still a shadow, but I can at least see his outline.

Chemistry Stpm Essay

A – Structural Questions: Question 1. (a)(i) The presence of isotopes 1M (ii) Let the abundance of 63X be a %. The % abundance of 65X. = ( 100 – a ) 1M Relative atomic mass = ( 62. 93 x a) + ( 64. 93 x ( 100 -a) ) 1M 100 63. 55 = 62. 93a + 6493 -64. 3a 100 6355 = -2a + 6500 a = 69. 0% 1M The % abundance of 65X = 100- 69. 0 = 31. 0 % Relative abundance 63X : 65X 1 : 2 1M (iii) Relative Abundance 63 64 65 Relative mass /m/e 2M SpeciesprotonsneutronsElectrons 20 Ne 10 10 10 10 16O2- 8 8 8 10 2 M The species have same number of electrons or isoelectronic. M —————- 10M 2. (a) (i) H2O2 + 2H+ + 2 I- > 2H2O + I21M (ii) Rate = k [H2O2] [I-]1M (iii) 0. 21M 0. 11M (iv) second order1M (b) (i) 121M (ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2. 1M (iii) +2 , X has two valence electrons2M (iv) X is a better electricity conductor. 1M —————- 10M 3. (a) Atomic size increases, screening effect increases with more inner shells of electrons 1M effective nuclear charge decreases, ionisation energy lowered, valence electrons are more easily removed. 1M (b) i. Be2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) > [ Be (H2O)4 ]2+ (aq)1M ii. It is acidic, acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid1M The Be2+ ion has a high charge density 1M and can strongly polarise large anions due to its smaller size. 1M The ions of other Group 2 elements have larger sizes and charge densities and weaker polarising power (d)i. platinum and rhodium1M ii. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ? 4NO(g) + 6H2O (g)1M iii. low temperature1M low pressure1M ( Note : The reaction is exothermic reaction. According to le Chatelier principle, a low temperature will favour the formation of NO. For gaseous equilibrium, a decrease in pressure will favour the reaction which produces more gaseous molecules. Thus in the above equilibrium a low pressure will avour the formation of NO. ) ________ 10M 4. (a) i. A is CH3CH2CH2COOH1M B is CH3CH2CH2COCl1M C is CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH 1M ii. butanoyl chloride1M iii. Formation of ester: CH3CH2CH2COCl + CH3CH2OH > CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 + HCl1M (b) i. H3N+CH2COOH + H2NCH(CH3)COOH > H2NCH2CONHCH(CH3)COOH + H2O1M Glycylalanine1M ( Note: Alanylglycine can also be formed ) ii. The amino group –NH2 which is basic group reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the ammonium chloride salt of alanine1M HOOCCH(CH3)NH2 + HCl > HOOCCH(CH3)NH3+Cl- 1M ___________ 10 M SECTION B – ESSAY 5. (a) (i) Orbitals with the same energy1M Example : 2p or 3d s orbitals1M ii) Nitrogen atom has 7 electrons 1M Fill 1s orbital with 2 electrons1M Fill 2s orbital with 2 electrons1M Fill 2px,2py and 2pz orbitals with 3 electrons1M / 6 1M (b) Fe 2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 1M Fe 3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 1M In terms of electronic configuration, Fe 3+ is more stable than Fe 2+ 1M Because it has half-filled 3d orbital which is more stable1M. / 4 (c ) The valence electronic configu ration of the electrons for nitrogen atom is 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz11M Nitrogen atom uses sp3 hybrid orbitals for forming covalent bonds between N and H atoms. Energy 2p sp3 hybrid porbitals N(ground state) 1M In sp3 hybrid orbitals of nitrogen atom,one of the orbitals Is occupied by a lone pair of electrons and three sp3 orbitals are half filled 1M Each N-H atom is formed by the overlapping of the s orbital of hydrogen atom with one of the half filled sp3 orbitals to give the ammonia molecule 1M Diagram of the bond formation in NH3 molecule. M /. 5 ——————- Total : 15 M 6. (a) Dyanamic equilibrium †¦. a reversible reaction , in a closed system forward and backward reactions have the same rate of reaction. 2M (b) (i) N2O4 – 2NO2 Kc = [NO2] 2 = [0. 12] 2 [N2O4] [0. 04] = 0. 36 mol dm-3 5M (ii) Using PV =nRT where n = 0. 12 +0. 04 = 0. 16 mol P = 0. 16 (8. 31) (383) 10 -3 = 509. 24 kPa. 3M (c) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) – at low temperatures, % NH3 is higher – forward reaction is exothermic equilibrium position shifts to the right at higher temperature -forward reaction is accompa nied by a reduction in volume of gas -at higher pressures, equilibrium position shifts to the right -at high pressures, % NH3 is higher5M ————— Total : 15M No. 7 (a)(i) Aluminium metal is extracted by electrolysis The electrolyte is molten bauxite in sodium hexafluoroaluminate. The electroyte has aluminium ion and oxide ions. Anode : 2O2- — > O2 + 4e Cathode : Al3+ + 3e — > Al5M (ii) (Any 2 points) light Resistant to corrosion Strong alloy2M `(b)aluminium : A giant metallic structure, strong metallic bonf. Silicon : giant 3 D covalent structure. Strong covalent bond between silicon atomes. higher melting point Phosphorus and sulphur – Both are simple molecules. Weak van der waals between molecules Sulphur has a stronger intermolecular forces – S8 larger than P48M No 8. (a) chlorine – strong oxidation agent Bromide is oxidized to bromine E ° of chlorine is more positive than that of bromine. Cl2 + 2Br- —- > 2Cl- + Br24M (b)iodine forms triodes complex in KI. I2 + I- —- > I3- Iodine does not form any complex ions in water. I2 + 2H2O — > I- ¬ + HIO + H3O+4M (c)HCl is released in cold acid NaCl + H2SO4 a NaHSO4 + HCl If heated more HCl released. NaHSO4 + NaCl -a Na2SO4 + HCl4M (d) Iodide is oxidized to iodine Purple Iodine is released Pungent smell of H2S is detected3M ————– Total : 15M 9. ( a ) ( i ) order : W, Y, X W, Y, X act as Lewis bases. X is the strongest base because ethyl group is an electron donor by inductive effect. Y is more basic than W because the lone pair electron on the N atom is not delocalised. W is less basic than Y because the lone pair electron on the N atom is delocalised into the benzene ring. M ( ii ) pKb value > 9. 39 Z is a weaker base than W. Presence of Cl – an electron withdrawing group reduces the donating potential of lone pair electron on the N atom through inductive effect. 4M ( b ) Concentated H2SO4 and HNO3. , 550C Mechanism: HNO3 + H2SO4 NO2+ + HSO4– + H2O NO2+ is an electrophile. H + NO2+ NO2 H NO2 + HSO4– –NO2 + H2SO4 + HNO3 –NO2 + H2O 6M Total : 15 marks 0 . ( a ) ( i ) Terylene/Dacron ~~~~O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – –C – O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – –C~~~~ 3M || || || || O O O O ( ii ) Condensation polymerisation To make cloth/sleeping bags, etc 2M ( b ) ( i ) K: functional group : -OH isomers : CH3CH2CH2OH and CH3CHCH3OH arm isomers separately with alkaline iodine, CH3CHCH3OH gives a yellow precipitate but CH3CH2CH2OH does not. CH3CH2CH2OH + 4I2 + 6OH– CHI3 + 5I– + 5H2O + CH3COO– 5M (ii ) L : functional group : ? C = O | Isomers : CH3CH2CHO and CH3COCH3 warm isomers separately with Tollen’s reagent. CH3CH2CHO gives a silver mirror but CH3COCH3 does not. CH3CH2CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]2+ + OH– CH3CH2COO– + 2Ag + 2NH4+ + 2NH3 5M Note: Can also accept other suitable chemical test. Total : 15 marks